Jensflorian: cat

2015-10-14T15:05:53Z

cat

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	[[Category:Immunohistochemistry]]		[[Category:Immunohistochemistry]]
			[[Category:Neuropathology]]

Jensflorian: ATRX antibody

2015-09-21T13:28:31Z

ATRX antibody

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[[File:Neuropathology_case_II_ATRX_immunohistochemistry.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Nuclear ATRX loss in [[astrocytoma]].]]
'''Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked''', often abbreviated '''ATRX''' is expressed in the nucleus and lost in some tumor types that use alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) as their telomere maintenance mechanism. The protein regulates the nuclear matrix and chromatin association, and suggests its involvement in the gene regulation at interphase and chromosomal segregation in mitosis. Since nuclear staining is lost only in some specfic tumors outlined below, the antibody is a diagnostic biomarker.

==Positive staining==
*Nucleus of normal cells and most tumor types except those shown below:

==Negative staining==
* [[IDH-1]] mutated [[astrocytoma]] <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = XY. | last2 = Gerges | first2 = N. | last3 = Korshunov | first3 = A. | last4 = Sabha | first4 = N. | last5 = Khuong-Quang | first5 = DA. | last6 = Fontebasso | first6 = AM. | last7 = Fleming | first7 = A. | last8 = Hadjadj | first8 = D. | last9 = Schwartzentruber | first9 = J. | title = Frequent ATRX mutations and loss of expression in adult diffuse astrocytic tumors carrying IDH1/IDH2 and TP53 mutations. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 124 | issue = 5 | pages = 615-25 | month = Nov | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-012-1031-3 | PMID = 22886134 }}</ref>
* [[oligoastrocytoma]] and [[oligodendroglioma]] with non-canonical molecular profile <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sahm | first1 = F. | last2 = Reuss | first2 = D. | last3 = Koelsche | first3 = C. | last4 = Capper | first4 = D. | last5 = Schittenhelm | first5 = J. | last6 = Heim | first6 = S. | last7 = Jones | first7 = DT. | last8 = Pfister | first8 = SM. | last9 = Herold-Mende | first9 = C. | title = Farewell to oligoastrocytoma: in situ molecular genetics favor classification as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 128 | issue = 4 | pages = 551-9 | month = Oct | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-014-1326-7 | PMID = 25143301 }}</ref>
* pleomorphic and dedifferentiated [[liposarcoma]] <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = JC. | last2 = Jeng | first2 = YM. | last3 = Liau | first3 = JY. | last4 = Tsai | first4 = JH. | last5 = Hsu | first5 = HH. | last6 = Yang | first6 = CY. | title = Alternative lengthening of telomeres and loss of ATRX are frequent events in pleomorphic and dedifferentiated liposarcomas. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 28 | issue = 8 | pages = 1064-73 | month = Aug | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2015.67 | PMID = 26022452 }}</ref>
* pancreatic neuroendorcrine tumors (pNET) <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Marinoni | first1 = I. | last2 = Kurrer | first2 = AS. | last3 = Vassella | first3 = E. | last4 = Dettmer | first4 = M. | last5 = Rudolph | first5 = T. | last6 = Banz | first6 = V. | last7 = Hunger | first7 = F. | last8 = Pasquinelli | first8 = S. | last9 = Speel | first9 = EJ. | title = Loss of DAXX and ATRX are associated with chromosome instability and reduced survival of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 453-60.e5 | month = Feb | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.020 | PMID = 24148618 }}</ref>
* [[leiomyosarcoma]] <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Liau | first1 = JY. | last2 = Tsai | first2 = JH. | last3 = Jeng | first3 = YM. | last4 = Lee | first4 = JC. | last5 = Hsu | first5 = HH. | last6 = Yang | first6 = CY. | title = Leiomyosarcoma with alternative lengthening of telomeres is associated with aggressive histologic features, loss of ATRX expression, and poor clinical outcome. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 236-44 | month = Feb | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000324 | PMID = 25229770 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

[[Category:Immunohistochemistry]]

ATRX - Revision history

Jensflorian: cat

Jensflorian: ATRX antibody