Epilepsy - Revision history

Jensflorian: /* Types */ MOGHE

2019-03-25T14:05:28Z

Types: MOGHE

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 25 March 2019
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	**Epilepsy.		**Epilepsy.
	**[[Dementia]].		**[[Dementia]].

			===Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia===
			* Abbreviated: MOGHE <ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schurr \| first1 = J. \| last2 = Coras \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Rössler \| first3 = K. \| last4 = Pieper \| first4 = T. \| last5 = Kudernatsch \| first5 = M. \| last6 = Holthausen \| first6 = H. \| last7 = Winkler \| first7 = P. \| last8 = Woermann \| first8 = F. \| last9 = Bien \| first9 = CG. \| title = Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: A New Clinico-Pathological Entity. \| journal = Brain Pathol \| volume = 27 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 26-35 \| month = 01 \| year = 2017 \| doi = 10.1111/bpa.12347 \| PMID = 26748554 }}</ref>.
			* Frontal lobe.
			* Nonlesional (3.7% of epilepsy case).
			* Increase cellularity of Olig2-, and PDGFR-alpha-immunoreactive oligodendroglia.

	==Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy==		==Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy==

Jensflorian: /* Etiology */ link

2019-03-25T14:02:18Z

Etiology: link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 25 March 2019
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	===Etiology===		===Etiology===
	*Many.		*Many.
	**[[~~Neuropathology~~#Focal_cortical_dysplasia_.28FCD.29\|Cortical dysplasia]].		**[[Epilepsy#Focal_cortical_dysplasia_.28FCD.29\|Cortical dysplasia]].
	**Hamartia.		**[[Epilepsy#Hamartia\|Hamartia]].
	**Stroke.		**Stroke.
	**Infection.		**Infection.
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	*[[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]].<ref name=pmid15881751>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Cataltepe \| first1 = O. \| last2 = Turanli \| first2 = G. \| last3 = Yalnizoglu \| first3 = D. \| last4 = Topçu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Akalan \| first5 = N. \| title = Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. \| journal = J Neurosurg \| volume = 102 \| issue = 3 Suppl \| pages = 280-7 \| month = Apr \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280 \| PMID = 15881751 }}</ref>		*[[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]].<ref name=pmid15881751>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Cataltepe \| first1 = O. \| last2 = Turanli \| first2 = G. \| last3 = Yalnizoglu \| first3 = D. \| last4 = Topçu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Akalan \| first5 = N. \| title = Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. \| journal = J Neurosurg \| volume = 102 \| issue = 3 Suppl \| pages = 280-7 \| month = Apr \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280 \| PMID = 15881751 }}</ref>
	*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Im \| first1 = SH. \| last2 = Chung \| first2 = CK. \| last3 = Cho \| first3 = BK. \| last4 = Lee \| first4 = SK. \| title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 57 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 59-66 \| month = Mar \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12125968 }}</ref>		*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Im \| first1 = SH. \| last2 = Chung \| first2 = CK. \| last3 = Cho \| first3 = BK. \| last4 = Lee \| first4 = SK. \| title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 57 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 59-66 \| month = Mar \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12125968 }}</ref>
			*Isomorphic astrocytoma.

	==Types==		==Types==

Jensflorian: /* Types */ +FCD + Hamartia

2019-03-25T14:00:07Z

Types: +FCD + Hamartia

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 25 March 2019
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	**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.		**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.
	*Granule cell dispersion		*Granule cell dispersion

			===Hamartia===
			* Small collection of ectopic glioneuronal cells.
			**Morpholology resembling oligodendroglial-like cells. <ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Kasper \| first1 = BS. \| last2 = Stefan \| first2 = H. \| last3 = Buchfelder \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Paulus \| first4 = W. \| title = Temporal lobe microdysgenesis in epilepsy versus control brains. \| journal = J Neuropathol Exp Neurol \| volume = 58 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 22-8 \| month = Jan \| year = 1999 \| doi = \| PMID = 10068310 }}</ref>
			* Mostly amygdala, less common in hippocampus or temporal lobe.
			* Can coexist with focal cortical dysplasia.

			===Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD)===
			*Localized malformations of the cortex.
			*Frequently associated with epilepsy in children.
			*Includes cortical dyslamination, cytoarchitectural changes and white matter abnormalities.
			*Current consensus: ILAE classification scheme 2011 <ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Blümcke \| first1 = I. \| last2 = Aronica \| first2 = E. \| last3 = Miyata \| first3 = H. \| last4 = Sarnat \| first4 = HB. \| last5 = Thom \| first5 = M. \| last6 = Roessler \| first6 = K. \| last7 = Rydenhag \| first7 = B. \| last8 = Jehi \| first8 = L. \| last9 = Krsek \| first9 = P. \| title = International recommendation for a comprehensive neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue: A consensus Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. \| journal = Epilepsia \| volume = 57 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 348-58 \| month = Mar \| year = 2016 \| doi = 10.1111/epi.13319 \| PMID = 26839983 }}
			</ref>(based on previous classification by Palmini 2004):


			*Type I FCD (focal)
			**Ia: Abnormal radial cortical lamination.
			**Ib: Abnormal tangential cortical lamination.
			**Ic: Abnormal radial and tangential cortical lamination.


			*Type II FCD (focal)
			**IIa: Presence of dysmorphic neurons.
			**IIb: Presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells.


			*Type III FCD (associated with other lesion)
			**IIIa: FCD associated with [[Epilepsy#Hippocampal_sclerosis\|hippocampal sclerosis]].
			**IIIb: FCD adjacent to a brain tumor.
			**IIIc: FCD adjacent to vascular malformation.
			**IIIc: FCD associated with previous injury (trauma, inflammation...).


			<gallery>
			File:FCDIIa dysmorphic neurons HE.jpg\|Dysmorphic neurons in FCD (HE)
			File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg\|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN)
			</gallery>

	===Hippocampal sclerosis===		===Hippocampal sclerosis===

Jensflorian: /* Etiology */ wikify

2018-03-16T08:53:01Z

Etiology: wikify

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:53, 16 March 2018
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	===Etiology===		===Etiology===
	*Many.		*Many.
	**Cortical dysplasia.		**[[Neuropathology#Focal_cortical_dysplasia_.28FCD.29\|Cortical dysplasia]].
	**Hamartia.		**Hamartia.
	**Stroke.		**Stroke.

Jensflorian: /* Etiology */ more causes

2018-03-16T08:49:40Z

Etiology: more causes

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 16 March 2018
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	===Etiology===		===Etiology===
	*Many.		*Many.
			**Cortical dysplasia.
			**Hamartia.
			**Stroke.
			**Infection.
			**Head trauma.

	Syndromic:		Syndromic:

Jensflorian: /* Types */ granule cell dispersion

2016-04-21T09:50:08Z

Types: granule cell dispersion

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 21 April 2016
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	*Mesial temporal sclerosis = scarring of the medial temporal lobe.		*Mesial temporal sclerosis = scarring of the medial temporal lobe.
	**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.		**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.
			*Granule cell dispersion

	===Hippocampal sclerosis===		===Hippocampal sclerosis===
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	Notes:		Notes:
	*Gliosis withot neuronal loss is not considered hippocampal sclerosis.		*Gliosis withot neuronal loss is not considered hippocampal sclerosis.

			===Granule cell dispersion===
			*Affects dentate gyrus.
			*Observed in up to 40% specimen with hippocampal sclerosis.
			*Clinico-pathological classification:<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Blümcke \| first1 = I. \| last2 = Kistner \| first2 = I. \| last3 = Clusmann \| first3 = H. \| last4 = Schramm \| first4 = J. \| last5 = Becker \| first5 = AJ. \| last6 = Elger \| first6 = CE. \| last7 = Bien \| first7 = CG. \| last8 = Merschhemke \| first8 = M. \| last9 = Meencke \| first9 = HJ. \| title = Towards a clinico-pathological classification of granule cell dispersion in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsies. \| journal = Acta Neuropathol \| volume = 117 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 535-44 \| month = May \| year = 2009 \| doi = 10.1007/s00401-009-0512-5 \| PMID = 19277686 }}</ref>
			**Granule cell pathology (GCP) Type 1: Substantial granule cell loss.
			**Granule cell pathology (GCP) Type 2: Cell dispersion, ectopic neurons or clusters of neurons in the molecular layer or bi-lamination.

			Clinic:
			*Association with longer epilepsy duration.

	DDx:		DDx:

Jensflorian: /* Microscopic */ Hippocampal sclerosis

2016-04-21T09:27:48Z

Microscopic: Hippocampal sclerosis

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:27, 21 April 2016
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	*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Im \| first1 = SH. \| last2 = Chung \| first2 = CK. \| last3 = Cho \| first3 = BK. \| last4 = Lee \| first4 = SK. \| title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 57 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 59-66 \| month = Mar \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12125968 }}</ref>		*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Im \| first1 = SH. \| last2 = Chung \| first2 = CK. \| last3 = Cho \| first3 = BK. \| last4 = Lee \| first4 = SK. \| title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 57 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 59-66 \| month = Mar \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12125968 }}</ref>

	==~~Microscopic~~==		==Types==
	Features:<ref>MUN. 15 November 2010.</ref>		Features:<ref>MUN. 15 November 2010.</ref>
			*Temporal lobe epilepsy
	*Mesial temporal sclerosis = scarring of the medial temporal lobe.		*Mesial temporal sclerosis = scarring of the medial temporal lobe.
	**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.		**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.
	***~~Hippocampus~~: CA1 and CA4 ~~affected~~.
			===Hippocampal sclerosis===
			*Most frequent histopathology in temporal lobe epilepsy (33% of all epilepsy surgery specimen).
			*ILAE classification for hippocampus specimen:<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Blümcke \| first1 = I. \| last2 = Thom \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Aronica \| first3 = E. \| last4 = Armstrong \| first4 = DD. \| last5 = Bartolomei \| first5 = F. \| last6 = Bernasconi \| first6 = A. \| last7 = Bernasconi \| first7 = N. \| last8 = Bien \| first8 = CG. \| last9 = Cendes \| first9 = F. \| title = International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. \| journal = Epilepsia \| volume = 54 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 1315-29 \| month = Jul \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.1111/epi.12220 \| PMID = 23692496 }}</ref>
			** ILAE type 1: cell loss predominantly in CA1 and CA4 sectors.
			** ILAE type 2: predominant CA1 neuron loss and gliosis.
			** ILAE type 3: CA4 predominant neuronal cell loss and gliosis.

			Clinic:
			ILAE type 1: benefit from epilepsy surgery.

	Notes:		Notes:
	*~~Changes in CA1 & CA4 of the hippocampus -~~ DDx:		*Gliosis withot neuronal loss is not considered hippocampal sclerosis.

			DDx:
	**Epilepsy.		**Epilepsy.
	**[[Dementia]].		**[[Dementia]].

Michael: /* Microscopic */

2012-02-29T19:03:46Z

Microscopic

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 29 February 2012
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	Notes:		Notes:
	*Changes in CA1 & CA4 of the hippocampus - DDx:		*Changes in CA1 & CA4 of the hippocampus - DDx:
	**[[Epilepsy]].		**Epilepsy.
	**[[Dementia]].		**[[Dementia]].

Michael at 19:03, 29 February 2012

2012-02-29T19:03:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 29 February 2012
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	'''Epilepsy''' is a common chronic seizure disorder.		'''Epilepsy''' is a common chronic seizure disorder.

	==Etiology==		==General==
			*Epilepsy = seizures that are "idiopathic", i.e. no brain tumour, no mass lesion, no brain injury.
			*Most common form: ''temporal lobe epilepsy''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/342150-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/342150-overview]. Accessed on: 20 November 2010.</ref>

			===Etiology===
	*Many.		*Many.

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	*[[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]].<ref name=pmid15881751>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Cataltepe \| first1 = O. \| last2 = Turanli \| first2 = G. \| last3 = Yalnizoglu \| first3 = D. \| last4 = Topçu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Akalan \| first5 = N. \| title = Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. \| journal = J Neurosurg \| volume = 102 \| issue = 3 Suppl \| pages = 280-7 \| month = Apr \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280 \| PMID = 15881751 }}</ref>		*[[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]].<ref name=pmid15881751>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Cataltepe \| first1 = O. \| last2 = Turanli \| first2 = G. \| last3 = Yalnizoglu \| first3 = D. \| last4 = Topçu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Akalan \| first5 = N. \| title = Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. \| journal = J Neurosurg \| volume = 102 \| issue = 3 Suppl \| pages = 280-7 \| month = Apr \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280 \| PMID = 15881751 }}</ref>
	*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Im \| first1 = SH. \| last2 = Chung \| first2 = CK. \| last3 = Cho \| first3 = BK. \| last4 = Lee \| first4 = SK. \| title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 57 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 59-66 \| month = Mar \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12125968 }}</ref>		*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Im \| first1 = SH. \| last2 = Chung \| first2 = CK. \| last3 = Cho \| first3 = BK. \| last4 = Lee \| first4 = SK. \| title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 57 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 59-66 \| month = Mar \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12125968 }}</ref>

			==Microscopic==
			Features:<ref>MUN. 15 November 2010.</ref>
			*Mesial temporal sclerosis = scarring of the medial temporal lobe.
			**Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.
			***Hippocampus: CA1 and CA4 affected.

			Notes:
			*Changes in CA1 & CA4 of the hippocampus - DDx:
			**[[Epilepsy]].
			**[[Dementia]].

	==Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy==		==Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy==

Michael: /* Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy */

2012-02-28T04:47:01Z

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:47, 28 February 2012
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	Epidemiology:<ref name=pmid18805738>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Tomson \| first1 = T. \| last2 = Nashef \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Ryvlin \| first3 = P. \| title = Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: current knowledge and future directions. \| journal = Lancet Neurol \| volume = 7 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 1021-31 \| month = Nov \| year = 2008 \| doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70202-3 \| PMID = 18805738 }}</ref>		Epidemiology:<ref name=pmid18805738>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Tomson \| first1 = T. \| last2 = Nashef \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Ryvlin \| first3 = P. \| title = Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: current knowledge and future directions. \| journal = Lancet Neurol \| volume = 7 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 1021-31 \| month = Nov \| year = 2008 \| doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70202-3 \| PMID = 18805738 }}</ref>
	*Typically poorly controlled.		*Typically poorly controlled epilepsy.
	*Incidence: 0.09-9 per 1000 patient-years.		*Incidence: 0.09-9 per 1000 patient-years.