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| The lymph node is discussed below; however, details are covered in the ''[[lymph node]]'' article and ''[[lymph node pathology]]'' article. | | The lymph node is discussed below; however, details are covered in the ''[[lymph node]]'' article and ''[[lymph node pathology]]'' article. |
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| ==Bone marrow==
| | =Bone marrow= |
| {{main|Bone}} | | {{main|Bone marrow}} |
| Bone marrows are important for understanding haematopathology. They are dealt with in the ''[[bone]]'' article. | | Bone marrows are important for understanding haematopathology. They are dealt with in the ''[[bone marrow|bone]]'' article. |
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| ==Normal lymph node==
| | =Normal lymph node= |
| ===Normal (clinical)===
| | {{main|Lymph node}} |
| *Round.
| | {{main|Lymph node pathology}} |
| *"Soft".
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| *Mobile.
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| | |
| ===Pathologic (clinical) - associations===
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| *Rubbery = suggestive of lymphoma.
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| *Fixed (immobile) = suggestive of cancer.
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| *Tender (hurts when ya touch it) = suggestive of infection.
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| ===Radiologic & clinical===
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| *Elongated = may be cancer.
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| *"Large" = could be cancer or infection.
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| ===Malignant - statistical associations===
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| Nodes with metstases tend to be:
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| *Hard.
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| *Ellipical (as opposed to circular) on section.
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| *"Large".
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| *May be immobile (fixed to a surrounding structure).
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| | |
| Note:
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| *"Large" depends on the location in the body.
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| | |
| ===Gross pathologic exam===
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| Normal:
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| *Firm (relative to adipose tissue).
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| *Glistening surface when cut.
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| | |
| Pathologic:
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| *White lesions, espically irregular = suggestive of carcinoma.
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| *White, glistening, with lobulated surface - "fish flesh" = suggestive of lymphoma.
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| **Subtle lobulation (~1 mm) on section suggestive of ''follicular lymphoma''.<ref>DB. 5 August 2010.</ref>
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| ===Microscopic=== | | ===Microscopic=== |
| {{main|Lymph node}}
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| The microscopic lymph node architecture in described the ''[[lymph node]]'' article, along with B cell maturation and lymph node cell types. | | The microscopic lymph node architecture in described the ''[[lymph node]]'' article, along with B cell maturation and lymph node cell types. |
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| **Plasma cells. | | **Plasma cells. |
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| ==Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia== | | =Haematologic neoplasia= |
| *Thrombocytopenia due to heparin.<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-overview]</ref>
| | Historically, haematologic neoplasias were split into leukemia (disease of the bone marrow & blood) and lymphoma (disease in discrete masses -- usually lymph nodes). In the modern day, this distinction has blurred. |
| | |
| Classification:
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| *Type 1 - in first two days of exposure - considered non-immune and considered not to be serious.
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| *Type 2 - in the first 4-10 days - considered serious.
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| | |
| Diagnosis (simplified):
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| *50% decline in platelets - within 4-10 days of starting heparin.
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| *HIT assay - several exist.<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-diagnosis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-diagnosis]</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Lymphoma classification==
| |
| Lymphomas can be divided into:
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| *Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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| *Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
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| |
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| Other categorizations:
| | ==Myelodysplastic syndrome== |
| *T cell lymphomas (rare).
| | {{Main|Myelodysplastic syndrome}} |
| *B cell lymphomas (more common).
| | At first approximation, these can be thought of as "pre-leukemia/lymphoma". |
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| |
|
| Two most common NHLs:
| | ==Leukemia== |
| *Follicular lymphoma (FL).
| | {{Main|Leukemia}} |
| *Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
| | These predominantly have blood/bone marrow involvement. |
|
| |
|
| ===Lymphoma as a med student===
| | ==Lymphoma== |
| *Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) - predominantly in '''smALL''' people, i.e. children.
| | {{main|Lymphoma}} |
| *Acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
| | These form masses. They typically arise from lymph nodes or aggregates of lymphocytes. |
| *Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
| |
| *Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) - relatively good prognosis.
| |
|
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| ===Histology=== | | ==Plasma cell lesions== |
| *Lymphomas = cells look discohesive, may be difficult to differentiate from poor differentiated carcinoma.
| | {{Main|Plasma cell neoplasms}} |
| *Auer rods = Acute myeloid leukemia.
| |
| **Granular cytoplasmic rod (0.5-1 x4-6 micrometres).
| |
| *Reed-Sternberg cells = Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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| **Large cell - very large nucleus.
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| ***Classically binucleated.
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| *Russell bodies = Plasmacytoma (+others).
| |
| **Eosinophilic, large, homogenous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions.<ref name=pmid3979421>{{cite journal |author=Alanen A, Pira U, Lassila O, Roth J, Franklin RM |title=Mott cells are plasma cells defective in immunoglobulin secretion |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–42 |year=1985 |month=March |pmid=3979421 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| ***''Mott cell'' is a cell that contains Russell bodies.<ref name=pmid3979421/>
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|
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| ===IHC=== | | ==Myeloproliferative neoplasms== |
| *CD45+.
| | {{main|Myeloproliferative neoplasms}} |
| **AKA ''common lymphocyte antigen''.
| | This subset of haematopathology includes, among others, polycythemia vera. Historically, these were not classified as neoplasias. |
| **Useful to differentiate from carcinomas (e.g. small cell carcinoma).
| |
| *CD3 -- T cell marker (all T cells).
| |
| **CD4 -- subset of T cells.
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| **CD8 -- subset of T cells.
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| *CD20 -- B cell marker.
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| **CD19 -- B cell marker - used for [[flow cytometry]].
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| *CD10 -- follicule center.
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| *CD30 -- Hodgkin's lymphoma (most sensitive).
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| *CD23 -- follicular dendritic cells.
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| *CD21 -- follicular dendritic cells.
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| ==Hodgkin's lymphoma== | | =Specific diagnoses= |
| {{main|Hodgkin's lymphoma}} | | ==Hemophagocytic syndrome== |
| | {{main|Hemophagocytic syndrome}} |
| ===General=== | | ===General=== |
| *Abbreviated ''HL''. | | *Rare. |
| | |
| ===Microscopic===
| |
| By definition, HL has Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs).
| |
| | |
| ====Classical HL====
| |
| Features (classic HL):
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| *Reed-Sternberg cell.
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| **Large binucleated cell.
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| **Macronucleolus - approximately the size of a RBC (~8 micrometers).
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| **Well-defined cell border.
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| | |
| Images (classic HL):
| |
| *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_large.jpg HL mixed cellularity - cytology (WC)].
| |
| *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_small.jpg HL mixed cellularity - cytology (WC)].
| |
| *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hodgkin_lymphoma_%281%29_mixed_cellulary_type.jpg HL mixed cellularity (WC)].
| |
| | |
| =====Subtypes=====
| |
| There are four CHL subtypes:<ref name=Ref_WMSP567>{{Ref WMSP|567}}</ref>
| |
| #Nodular sclerosis CHL - ~70% of CHL.
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| #*Mixed cellular background - T cell, plasma cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and histiocytes.
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| #*Nodular sclerosing fibrosis - thick strands fibrosis.
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| #Mixed cellularity CHL - ~20-25% of CHL.
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| #*Like nodular sclerosis - but no fibrosis.
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| #Lymphocyte-rich CHL - rare.
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| #*T lymphocytes only (no mix of cells).
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| #Lymphocyte-depleted CHL - rare.
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| #*Assoc. with HIV infection.
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| | |
| Memory device:
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| *The subtypes prevalence is in reverse alphabetical order.
| |
| | |
| ====Nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL====
| |
| Features (nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma):
| |
| *''Lymphocytic & histiocytic'' cell (L&H cell)<ref name=pmid9499174>PMID: 9499174</ref> - variant of RSC:
| |
| **Cells (relatively) small (compared to classic RSCs).
| |
| **Lobulated nucleus - '''key feature'''.
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| **Small nucleoli.
| |
| | |
| Image (NLPHL):
| |
| *[http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=388&n=16 Popcorn cell (webpathology.com)].
| |
| | |
| ==Follicular lymphoma==
| |
| *A very common type of lymphoma.
| |
| *Express Bcl-2.<ref name=pmid18359244>{{cite journal |author=Vitolo U, Ferreri AJ, Montoto S |title=Follicular lymphomas |journal=Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=248–61 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18359244 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
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| ===Microscopic=== | | ===Microscopic=== |
| Features: | | Features: |
| *Abundant abnormal lymphoid follicles. | | *Macrophages eat RBCs, WBCs. |
|
| |
|
| ===IHC=== | | ==Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia== |
| Features:<ref name=pmid18359244/>
| | *Thrombocytopenia due to heparin.<ref name=emed_hit>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-overview]. Accessed on: 17 May 2011.</ref> |
| *CD10+/-.
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| *CD5-.
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| *CD23-/+.
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| *CD43-.
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| *CD11c-.
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|
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|
| ===Molecular===
| | Classification: |
| *t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-BCL2 in 70-95% of cases.<ref name=pmid18359244/> | | *Type 1 - in first two days of exposure - considered non-immune and considered not to be serious. |
| **Should not be confused with t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1 seen in MALT lymphomas.<ref name=pmid16950858>{{cite journal |author=Bacon CM, Du MQ, Dogan A |title=Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma: a practical guide for pathologists |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=361–72 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=16950858 |pmc=2001121 |doi=10.1136/jcp.2005.031146 |url=}}</ref> | | *Type 2 - in the first 4-10 days - considered serious. |
|
| |
|
| ==Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma==
| | Diagnosis (simplified): |
| *Abbreviated ''DLBCL''. | | *50% decline in platelets - within 4-10 days of starting heparin. |
| | *HIT assay - several exist.<ref name=emed_hit>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1357846-overview]. Accessed on: 17 May 2011.</ref> |
|
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| ===Microscopic=== | | ==Disseminated intravascular coagulation== |
| Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD676>{{Ref PBoD|676 (???)}}</ref>
| | *Commonly abbreviated ''DIC''. |
| *Large cells -- 4-5 times the diameter of a small lymphocytes. | |
| *Typically have marked cell-to-cell variation in size and shape.
| |
| *Cytoplasm usu. basophilic and moderate in abundance.
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| *+/-Prominent nucleoli, may be peripheral and/or multiple.
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| | |
| Notes:
| |
| *Large bizarre cells can occasionally mimic Reed-Sternberg cells, seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.
| |
| | |
| ==Burkitt's lymphoma==
| |
| ===General=== | | ===General=== |
| *Abbreviated ''BL''. | | *Usually associated with sepsis or septic shock.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779097-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779097-overview]. Accessed on: 23 October 2010.</ref> |
| *Extremely high proliferative rate & rate of apoptosis.
| |
| | |
| ===Subtypes===
| |
| *Three subtypes recognized:<ref name=pmid12610094>{{cite journal |author=Bellan C, Lazzi S, De Falco G, Nyongo A, Giordano A, Leoncini L |title=Burkitt's lymphoma: new insights into molecular pathogenesis |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=188–92 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12610094 |pmc=1769902 |doi= |url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12610094}}</ref>
| |
| #Endemic:
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| #*Found in Africa.
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| #*EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) associated.<ref name=pmid12610094/>
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| #Non-endemic:
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| #*Typical of the BL seen in the western world; EBV negative.
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| #Immunodeficiency associated:
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| #*Associated with HIV infection.
| |
| | |
| ===Pathophysiology===
| |
| *Origin cell: germinal centre B cells (favoured) vs. memory B cells.<ref name=pmid12610094/>
| |
| *Common translocation t(8;14).<ref name=pmid12610094/>
| |
| | |
| ===Cytologic definition===
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| *t(8;14) (q24;q32) translocation + a few variants or c-myc rearrangement.<ref name=pmid12610094/>
| |
| | |
| ===Histology===
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| *"Starry-sky pattern".
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| **The ''stars'' in the pattern are: tingible-bodies laden macrophages.
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| ***''[[Tingible-bodies macrophages]]'' = macrophages containing dead body of apoptotic tumor cells.
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| *Tumour cells:<ref name=pmid12610094/>
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| **Medium size.
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| **Round nuclei.
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| **Multiple nucleoli.
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| **Relatively abundant cytoplasm.
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|
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|
| Image: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burkitt_lymphoma,_H%26E.jpg Starry-sky pattern - Ed Uthman (www.wikipedia.org)].
| | Clinical: |
| | *Schistocytes (red blood cell fragmentation). |
|
| |
|
| ==Plasmacytoma== | | ===Gross=== |
| ===General===
| | Features:<ref>{{Ref HospAuto|209}}</ref> |
| *[[AKA]] ''plasma cell myleoma''.
| | *Pleural petechial haemorrhages. |
| *Malignancy derived from the plasma cells.
| |
| *Histologic component of ''multiple myeloma''; to diagnose multiple myeloma other (non-pathology) criteria are needed.
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| *Prognosis: poor. | |
|
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|
| ===Microscopic=== | | ===Microscopic=== |
| Features: | | Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_670>{{Ref PBoD8|670}}</ref> |
| *Abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm.
| | *Microvascular occlusion. |
| *Eccentrically placed nucleus - usually with "clock face" morphology.
| |
| **"Clock face" morphology = chromatin clumps around the edge of the nucleus, like the numbers on a clock face.
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| **May have nucleoli.
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| *Russell bodies:
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| **Eosinophilic, large (10-15 micrometres), homogenous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions.
| |
| ***Images: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russell_bodies_2_high_mag_mini.jpg Russell bodies (WC)], [http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/hematology/hessimages/russell-bodies-website-arrow.jpg Russell bodies (healthsystem.virginia.edu)], [http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/russ2.jpg Russell bodies - several in one cell (pathguy.com)].
| |
| *Dutcher bodies - intranuclear crystalline rods.
| |
| **Dutcher bodies are ''PAS stain'' +ve.<ref>URL: [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dutcher+bodies+in+chronic+synovitis-a083551789 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dutcher+bodies+in+chronic+synovitis-a083551789]. Accessed on: 4 August 2010.</ref>
| |
| **Image [http://ashimagebank.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2003/0227/100629 Dutcher bodies (hematologylibrary.org)]. | |
| *Prominent ''perinuclear hof'' - cytoplasmic crescent shaped lucency adjacent to the nuclear membrane (due to large Golgi apparatus).
| |
|
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|
| Images:
| | Notes: |
| *[http://ashimagebank.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2004/0126/100984 Various images (hematologylibrary.org)]. | | *Microvascular occlusion is also seen in [[thrombotic microangiopathies]]. |
| *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmacytoma1.jpg Plasmacytoma (WC)].
| |
| | |
| DDx:
| |
| *Neuroendocrine carcinoma - nucleus often has a plasmacytoid (plasma cell-like) appearance.
| |
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| ==Acute myeloid leukemia==
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| ===General===
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| *May afflicits young adult.
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| *Males>females.
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| ===Complications===
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| *Chloroma - soft tissue mass.
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| *Leukostasis.
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| **Occurs - lungs and brain.<ref>AML. Harrison's 16th Ed.</ref>
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| *Hyperviscosity syndrome.
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| *Spontaneous bleeding with low platelet counts.
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| | |
| ===Classification===
| |
| There are two classifications:
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| #FAB (French-American-British) - based on histologic appearance/maturation.
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| #WHO classification.
| |
| | |
| ===Histology===
| |
| *Auer rods - not required to diagnose.<ref>AG. 8 July, 2009.</ref>
| |
| **Cytoplasmic granular rods in blast cells.
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| ***Dimensions: approx. 0.5-1 x 4-6 micrometres.
| |
| **Images: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auer_rods.PNG Auer rods (WP)], [http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/hematology/HessImages/Acute-myelogenous-leukemia-M4-100x-Auer-rods-website-arrow.jpg Auer rods (virginia.edu)].
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| ==Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma==
| |
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| ===Microscopic===
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| Features:
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| *Clear cytoplasm.
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| *"Empty" sinus; subcapsular sinuses "open".
| |
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| ===IHC===
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| *CD7 -ve.
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| *CD20 +ve.
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| *TIA-1 -ve.
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| ==Anaplastic large cell lymphoma==
| |
| ===General===
| |
| *Abbreviated '''ALCL'''.
| |
| *May look a lot like a carcinoma.
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| **Often subcapsular in LNs.
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| *Usually T-cell derived.
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| *Alk IHC:
| |
| ** +ve = good prognosis.
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| ** -ve = bad prognosis.
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| | |
| DDx:
| |
| *Hodgkin's lymphoma.
| |
| | |
| ===Microscopic===
| |
| Features:
| |
| *Large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm.
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| *Usu. appear cohesive.
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| *May be subcapsular.
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| *Large multinucleated cell - "wreath cell" - '''key feature'''.
| |
| | |
| ===IHC===
| |
| Features:
| |
| *Variable CD30 +ve. (???)
| |
| *CD45 +ve. (???)
| |
| | |
| ==Table of B-cell lymphoma==
| |
| Small cell lymphomas:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! Name
| |
| ! Location
| |
| ! Size of cells
| |
| ! IHC
| |
| ! Translocations
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| ! Clinical
| |
| ! Other
| |
| |-
| |
| | Follicular lymphoma
| |
| | Follicle
| |
| | Small, centrocytes, centroblasts
| |
| | CD10+, bcl-6+<ref name=Ref_Lester95>{{Ref Lester|95}}</ref>
| |
| | t(14,18)
| |
| | Clinical ?
| |
| | Other ?
| |
| |-
| |
| | Mantle cell lymphoma
| |
| | Mantle zone
| |
| | Small
| |
| | CD5+, CD23-, CD43+, Cyclin D1+<ref name=Ref_Lester95>{{Ref Lester|95}}</ref>
| |
| | Translocations ?
| |
| | Clinical ?
| |
| | Other ?
| |
| |-
| |
| | Marginal zone lymphoma (MALT)
| |
| | Marginal zone
| |
| | Small
| |
| | CD21+, CD11c+, CD5-, CD23-<ref name=Ref_Lester95>{{Ref Lester|95}}</ref>
| |
| | Translocations
| |
| | Clinical
| |
| | Other
| |
| |-
| |
| | Precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia
| |
| | Location ?
| |
| | Small
| |
| | CD10+, CD5-, TdT+, CD99+<ref name=Ref_Lester95>{{Ref Lester|95}}</ref>
| |
| | Translocations ?
| |
| | Clinical ?
| |
| | Other ?
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Medium and large cell lymphomas:
| | =Cytometry - population cell marker quantification= |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | {{main|Cytometry}} |
| ! Name
| |
| ! Location
| |
| ! Size of cells
| |
| ! IHC
| |
| ! Translocations
| |
| ! Clinical
| |
| ! Other
| |
| |-
| |
| | Burkitt's lymphoma
| |
| | Follicle
| |
| | Large cells
| |
| | CD10, bcl-6
| |
| | t(8;14) (q24;q32)
| |
| | Rapid growth
| |
| | "Starry sky"
| |
| |-
| |
| | Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
| |
| | Follicle (?)
| |
| | Large 4-5X of lymphocyte
| |
| | MIB-1 >40%
| |
| | none/like follicular l.
| |
| | Poor prognosis
| |
| | Common among lymphomas
| |
| |-
| |
| | Name
| |
| | Location
| |
| | Size of cells
| |
| | IHC
| |
| | Translocations
| |
| | Clinical
| |
| | Other
| |
| |} | |
|
| |
|
| ==Population cell marker quantification== | | ===Two techniques=== |
| Two techniques: | | #[[Flow cytometry]]. |
| *Flow cytometry.
| | #Laser scanning cytometry (LSC). |
| *Laser scanning cytometry (LSC).
| |
|
| |
|
| Common markers: | | ===Common markers=== |
| *CD3, CD4, CD8, CD5, CD7. | | *CD3, CD4, CD8, [[CD5]], CD7. |
| *CD19, CD20, FMC7. | | *CD19, [[CD20]], FMC7. |
| *Kappa, lambda. | | *Kappa, lambda. |
|
| |
|
| Normal: | | ===Normal=== |
| *T-cells to B-cells usually 1:1. | | *T-cells to B-cells usually 1:1. |
| *In reactive nodes T-cell predominate. | | *In reactive nodes T-cells predominate. |
| *Normal thymic tissue has cells that are positive for both CD4 and CD8. | | *Normal thymic tissue has cells that are positive for both CD4 and CD8. |
| *Kappa (k) and lambda (l) are not expressed by the same cell. | | *Kappa (k) and lambda (l) are not expressed by the same cell. |
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Line 112: |
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| GS guidelines - non-malignant is:<ref>GS. LSC Procedure. March 11, 2010.</ref> | | GS guidelines - non-malignant is:<ref>GS. LSC Procedure. March 11, 2010.</ref> |
| *CD19 ~= CD20 | | *CD19 ~= CD20. |
| *CD5 = CD3 | | *CD5 = CD3. |
| *CD2 > CD3 and CD5 | | *CD2 > CD3 and CD5. |
| *CD4 + CD8 ~= CD3 | | *CD4 + CD8 ~= CD3. |
| *CD7 = the smalest number of T-cell | | *CD7 = the smallest number of T-cell. |
|
| |
|
| Abnormal: | | ===Abnormal=== |
| *CD4>CD8 predominance classically seen in:
| | See ''[[cytometry]]''. |
| **Sarcoidosis.
| |
| **Hodgkin's lymphoma.
| |
| *T cell lymphoma - loss of one of the T-cell markers (CD2, CD3, CD5 or CD7).
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Sample report=== | | =Abnormal sign out= |
| B-Cell Associated Markers
| | <pre> |
| *CD10.
| | Lymph Node, Right Posterior Triangle of Neck, Excision: |
| **Germinal centre marker.
| | - Lymphoid tissue with abnormal architecture, predominantly small cells. |
| **+ve in: follicular l., Burkitt l., precursor lymphoblastic leukemia.
| | - Case will be sent to hematopathology for opinion. |
| *CD19.
| | </pre> |
| **B cell marker.
| |
| **Should be ~=CD20.
| |
| *CD20.
| |
| **B cell marker.
| |
| **Should be ~=CD20.
| |
| *CD23.
| |
| **+ve in CLL/SLL.
| |
| *FMC7
| |
| **B cell marker.
| |
| *Kappa+CD19/20+.
| |
| **B cell clonality.
| |
| *Lambda+CD19/20+
| |
| **B cell clonality.
| |
|
| |
| T-Cell Associated Markers
| |
| *CD3.
| |
| **CD3 ~= CD4 + CD8.
| |
| **Usually: CD2 > CD3 > CD7.
| |
| *CD5.
| |
| **Usually: CD2 > CD5 > CD7.
| |
| *CD4.
| |
| **CD3 ~= CD4 + CD8.
| |
| *CD8.
| |
| **CD3 ~= CD4 + CD8.
| |
| *CD7.
| |
| **Usually least prevalent T cell marker; < CD2, < CD3, < CD5.
| |
| *CD2.
| |
| **Usually most prevalent T cell marker; > CD3, > CD5, > CD7.
| |
|
| |
| NK-Cell Associated Markers
| |
| *CD56.
| |
| *CD16.
| |
|
| |
| Miscellaneous Markers
| |
| *CD11c.
| |
| *CD14.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==See also==
| | =See also= |
| *[[Stomach]]. | | *[[Stomach]]. |
| *[[Lymph nodes]]. | | *[[Lymph nodes]]. |
|
| |
|
| ==References==
| | =References= |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Haematopathology]] | | [[Category:Haematopathology]] |