Difference between revisions of "Anemia"

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'''Anemia''' is low hemoglobin.   
[[Image:Iron_deficiency_anemia_blood_film.jpg|thumb|Blood film in iron deficiency anemia. (WC)]]
'''Anemia''' is an abnormally low hemoglobin.   


There is a long list of causes for anemia.  Usually, anemia is grouped by RBC cell size, mean corpuscular volume (MCV).  
There is a long list of causes for anemia.  Usually, anemia is grouped by [[RBC]] cell size, mean corpuscular volume (MCV).  


==Classifications==
==Classifications==
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*Thalassemia.
*Thalassemia.
*Anemia of chronic diesease.
*Anemia of chronic diesease.
*Iron deficiency anemia.
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]].
*Lead toxicity.
*[[Lead toxicity]].
*Sideroblastic anemia.
*Sideroblastic anemia.


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*Vitamin B12 deficiency.
*Vitamin B12 deficiency.
*Rx.
*Rx.
*Myelodysplastic syndromes.
*[[Myelodysplastic syndromes]].
*Liver disease ([[cirrhosis]]).
*Liver disease ([[cirrhosis]]).
*Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism).
*Thyroid disease ([[hypothyroidism]]).
*Post-splenectomy.
*Post-splenectomy.
===Normocytic anemia===
One DDx of normocytic anemia:<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Brill | first1 = JR. | last2 = Baumgardner | first2 = DJ. | title = Normocytic anemia. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 2255-64 | month = Nov | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11126852 }}</ref>
*Acute blood loss.
*Hypersplenism.
*Hemolytic disorders.
**Congenital conditions.
**Hemoglobinopathies, e.g. [[sickle cell disease]].
A cute mnemonic ''ABBRA'':
*Anemia of chronic disease.
*Bone marrow infiltration.
*Bone marrow failure.
*[[Renal failure]].
*Acute hemorrhage.


=Specific types of anemia=
=Specific types of anemia=
==Pernicious anemia==
==Pernicious anemia==
===General===
{{Main|Pernicious anemia}}
*Macrocytic anemia.
 
Etiology:
*Autoimmune - leads to loss of parietal cells.
**Parietal cells produce ''intrinsic factor'' (important for vitamin B12 absorption) and ''hydrogen chloride''.
 
Diagnosis - serology for antibodies to:<ref name=pmid12643357>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Oh | first1 = R. | last2 = Brown | first2 = DL. | title = Vitamin B12 deficiency. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 979-86 | month = Mar | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 12643357 }}</ref>
*Parietal cells.
*Iintrinsic factor.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Loss of parietal cells.


=See also=
==Sickle cell anemia==
*[[Sickle cell anemia]].
{{Main|Sickle cell anemia}}


=References=
=References=

Latest revision as of 15:02, 2 May 2022

Blood film in iron deficiency anemia. (WC)

Anemia is an abnormally low hemoglobin.

There is a long list of causes for anemia. Usually, anemia is grouped by RBC cell size, mean corpuscular volume (MCV).

Classifications

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Macrocytic anemia (MCV>100 fl)
 
 
 
Normocytic anemia (MCV 80–100 fl)
 
 
 
Microcytic anemia (MCV<80 fl)

Microcytic anemia

Mnemonic TAILS:[1]

Macrocytic anemia

Mnemonic Few Big RBCs May Lead To Palor:

Normocytic anemia

One DDx of normocytic anemia:[2]

  • Acute blood loss.
  • Hypersplenism.
  • Hemolytic disorders.

A cute mnemonic ABBRA:

  • Anemia of chronic disease.
  • Bone marrow infiltration.
  • Bone marrow failure.
  • Renal failure.
  • Acute hemorrhage.

Specific types of anemia

Pernicious anemia

Main article: Pernicious anemia

Sickle cell anemia

Main article: Sickle cell anemia

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://www.step2review.com/content/sub_cat.php?cat_id=487__Microcytic_Anemia. Accessed on: 12 May 2011.
  2. ↑ Brill, JR.; Baumgardner, DJ. (Nov 2000). "Normocytic anemia.". Am Fam Physician 62 (10): 2255-64. PMID 11126852.
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